In which layer of the OSI model does the HTTP protocol operate?

The HTTP protocol operates at the Application layer of the OSI model. This layer is responsible for providing network services directly to end-user applications. It facilitates communication between web browsers and servers, allowing users to access web resources effectively.

HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) is a protocol used for transmitting hypertext via the web, and its functionalities include request-response communication between clients and servers. This alignment with user-level interaction and services is what solidifies its position at the Application layer.

In contrast, other layers such as the Transport layer handle end-to-end communication, ensuring data is transferred reliably over the network, while the Network layer is focused on routing and forwarding data packets between devices on different networks. The Session layer is responsible for establishing, managing, and terminating sessions between applications, which is not the primary role of HTTP. Thus, recognizing that HTTP facilitates direct interaction with web applications clarifies why it is categorized within the Application layer.