Which hardware component is primarily responsible for processing data in a computer?

The central processing unit (CPU) is the primary component responsible for processing data in a computer. It carries out instructions from programs by performing basic arithmetic, logic, control, and input/output operations specified by the instructions. The CPU acts as the brain of the computer, interpreting and executing commands.

In contrast, RAM (Random Access Memory) serves as temporary storage for data that is actively being used or processed; however, it does not perform any data processing itself. The hard drive is a storage device used to permanently save data and files, but it does not play a role in the actual processing of that data. The motherboard serves as the main circuit board that connects all components of the computer, including the CPU, but it does not process data directly. Thus, the CPU is the key hardware component that processes data, making it the correct answer.